Right And Wrongs Of Animal Rights And Experimentation Philosophy Essay

Right And Wrongs Of Animal Rights And Experimentation Philosophy Essay Animal experimentation is a controversial issue that has been debated for thrity-five years. In early 1970, a group of students of Oxford academics shared their opinions about animal rights by writing an article for the Sunday Times. One member of the group, Richard Ryder, wrote three articles in the Daily Telegraph stating his views concerning the wrongness of animal rights and scientific experimentation. After doing so, Ryder wrote a pamphlet titled Animals, Men and Morals: An Inquiry to the Maltreatment of Non-Humans, and in response to Ryders pamphlet, an Australian philosopher, Peter Singer, put forth his beliefs about animal rights. After Singer responded, he published a piece called Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for our Treatment of Animals in 1975. This portion of work noted the beginning of the Animal Rights Movement, also known as Animal Liberation Movement. Many animal-rights activists, professionals, and philosophers argue that testing is morally wrong, while scientists , who test new products on our furry, little friends, argue that there is nothing wrong with it. This paper will explain the outlooks of those who are against animal experimentation and believe animals deserve the same rights as humans, those who are moderate, feeling that a middle ground should be established, and one who conducts the experiments and is for animal experimentation. Animal Rights uses each chapter to explain a persons beliefs concerning animal rights. The introduction begins by mentioning Peter Singer and explaining his arguments for animal rights. In Animal Liberation, Singer states People hold animals in a state of tyranny. This tyranny has caused and today is still causing an amount of pain and suffering that can only be compared with that which resulted from the centuries of tyranny by white humans over black humans (7). He argues that animals should be treated with the same rights as humans. He asks for humans to really question animal treatment and to give animals the same consideration as any other species, including humans (7). Four basic principles were outlined as a result of the animal rights movement beginning in 1975. First: Pain is bad, no matter whose pain it might beà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦This does not mean that pain is the only thing that is bad, or that inflicting pain is always wrong. Sometimes it may be necessary to inflict pain and suffering on oneself or othersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.But this is justified because it will lead to less suffering in the long run; the pain is still in itself a bad thing. Second: Humans are not the only beings capable of feeling pain or sufferingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.Of course, the nature of the beings will affect how much pain they suffer in any given situation. Third: When we consider how serious it is to take a life, we should look, not at race, sex, or species to which that being belongs, but at characteristics of the one being killed, for example, its own desire about continuing to live, or the kind of life it is capable of leading. Forth: We are responsible not only for what we do but also for what we could have preventedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. We should consider the consequences both of what we do and of what we decide not to do (7, 8.). However, some animal-rights activists and organizations believe that Singers views were not enough. He opposed most experimentation if it was not for the benef it of science, when the argument should have been all experimentation. An individual introduced after Singer in Animal Rights, Steven M. Wise, is an author and a law professor who generally shares the beliefs of Singer, but he is one that agrees that the controversy that all animal experimentation is unacceptable. Wise argues that animals deserve legal rights just as the human race does, because, although many dont believe him, he thinks that animals are just as dependent as humans. Many humans believe that because animals are, most of the time, dependent on humans to take care of them, they dont deserve the basic legal rights, but Wise counters this argument by stating, Human babies, for example, do not act autonomously, yet they have rights (64.). He also counters the particular argument that animals lack the ability to think rationally, make decisions, and understand emotions such as the human brain and therefore dont deserve rights, with the growing evidence that some animals, particularly nonhuman primates, have extraordinary mental capabilities (6 4.) He continues to fight for and teach others about animal rights and experimentation. Contradicting the proposals of Singer and Wise, is the philosophy that animals lack souls and the ability to reason, justifying the use of animals for experimentation (122.) Animal Experimentation is used mainly in the Cosmetics Industry but also in the Drug, Food Additives, Supplements, Household Products, Pesticides, and Industrial Chemical Industries, and is still conducted in the United Kingdom and possibly in Universities, medical schools, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, and military defense establishments. Animal experimentation has been proven in many cases to improve medicine and science, and this is the viewpoint in which Professor Carl Cohen bases his beliefs that animal experimentation is necessary. Cohen argues that experiments on animals are necessary in order to safeguard and improve human health and well-being (128.) In saying this, he implies that without experimentation on animals, vaccines for malaria and polio would have never been invented. He feels th at none of the above industries could have advanced today without animals to experiment on. Frank Gannon is an individual who has quite a different opinion than Singer, Wise, and Cohen. Animal testing can be both beneficial and non-beneficial, and Gannon feels that a middle ground must be reached. Gannon published a journal article in EMBO Reports stating, The debate over whether and how scientists should use animal models has been inflammatory, and the opposing viewpoints are difficult to reconcile (519.) Animal-rights protesters argue that the use of animals for experimentation should be completely abolished. According to Gannon, Many scientists insist that some experiments require the use of animals and want to minimize regulation, arguing that it would impede their research, but most scientists try to limit experiments on animals. Gannon believes that society must find the middle ground-avoiding the cruel and unnecessary abuse of animals in research while accepting and allowing their use if it benefits society. He feels that in order for our society to flourish and beco me more medically advanced, its necessary to test on animals as long as its not flagrant abuse. New products have to be tested in order to be proven effective. William Hamblin, author of another online journal article, takes Gannons belief to the next step. Hamblin mainly supports animal experimentation by stating Animal testing is used in several areas of research. The three main areas are pure research, drug testing, and the testing of cosmetics, and many good things have come from experiments in these areas. Animal testing has played a very important role in medical advancement. Hes for it, because less than ten percent of house pets are used for experimentation. He speaks against the ethical argument pointing out that even though humans know animals experience pain, non-human subject suffer less due to their incapability to remember and anticipate pain. Hamblin supports animal testing, because so many advancements as an outcome outweigh all of the rodents that die, because most of the animals used in testing today are, in fact, lab rats and mice. An interesting viewpoint pertaining to animal experimentation, using Hamblins beliefs as a basis, comes from Tipu Aziz, a neurosurgeon in Oxford who is pro-animal testing and speaks publicly about using animals to test cosmetics products. Aziz disagrees with the host of writers in Animal Rights. Aziz said, People talk about cosmetics being the ultimate evil, but beautifying one has been going on since we were cavemen. If its not proven to reduce suffering through animal tests, its not wrong to use them. Aziz uses monkeys in his research in order to research improvements towards Parkinsons disease. Primates are very similar to humans, especially on the intellectual level. He isnt afraid to be a vocal supporter, according to interviewer for The Guardian, Jane Marshall, and would like to inform others that animal testing is necessary for medical and scientific advancement. After all, hes doing it for the benefits of the human race. His justifications for animal experimentation, along wi th those of Gannon and Hamblin, are that this is how we humans advance in industries, especially medical and scientific which are needed for our society to develop. He reasons that its not a fact that animals suffer from testing, and until proven, its acceptable to improve our civilization through testing. Testing helps researchers develop cures for diseases and save human life. The only way to learn about something is to test it, and as long as animals dont suffer, theres nothing wrong with it. After researching and reading various beliefs of professors and philosophers who are for animal rights and against experimentation, journal authors who believe in a compromise, and scientists who see no wrong in experimenting on animals, my argument for animal rights and against experimentation has slightly changed. I still feel that animals should have legal rights, just as humans, and experimentation is unethical, but I agree with Gannon and Hamblin on the fact that society must find the middle ground. As long as the testing that occurs isnt abusive, its important for our society to become more medically and scientifically advanced. The animal-rights activists need to accept within all reality that in the labs, its not proven that scientists are abusing animals. Scientists test new products on rats and mice for the improvement of human life. As long as animals arent being hurt and we are finding cures for diseases, there needs to be a compromise and the controversy should end.

An artwork is foremost a reflection and expression

It has been essentially argued since time immemorial of how an artwork is foremost a reflection and expression of the deeper emotions and values of an artist, which may sometimes be unfortunately suppressed in the artist’s life or unintentionally implied in the artwork. For that matter, any artwork is perhaps considered an artist’s personal drama set in a creative manner of expression. Sophie Treadwell’s play, Machinal, and T.S. Eliot’s poem, The Love Song of J. Alfred   Prufrock, are be fitting examples of modern human drama relatively framed in a dark, lonesome, and tragic milieu of love, death, age, solitude, and despair in the twentieth century. In Eliot’s poem, the narrator or speaker in his poem is a contemporary man who feels secluded brought by the fear of aging, and who is indecisive to act upon his crisis on love for a woman. The speaker Prufrock is rather an epitome of despair, frustration, and helplessness of the modern man toward a personal crisis. Prufrock positions himself as a symbol of disillusionment and dismay for failing to overcome his human weaknesses. What makes the poem or the speaker tragic is that his insecurity on a lot of things is holding his happiness in life and love. He remains to be brooding, dark, lonesome and awaits death in no time. Eliot has always been a difficult read, and this quality of writing has put him in the level of other literary masters. For a non-Eliot reader, the poem may initially seem confusing to understand. However, the speaker Prufrock has been endowed by Eliot the style of repeating particular phrases and going back to his main sentiment while the poem develops into a whole new set of ideas. This style is reassuring the reader that he can understand the deeper emotions of the speaker as he slowly reads through it. On one hand, this repetition may also show the speaker’s inability to communicate well with the society, and he needs to repeat words such as vision and revision to be clearly understood. Eliot possesses an ironic manner of writing that is very well implied on how Prufrock talks about his love for a woman but is coward enough to open up his feelings and of how he even contradictorily speaks of time as he would sense the urgency to capture life and love in his hands before old age and death take him away, but would also set it aside and reveal that there is still time to catch up on things. The first two similar characteristics or qualities of Treadwell’s play with Eliot’s poem are the twentieth century setting and powerful themes of death and despair, even though the former’s work is based on a sensational real murder case and the latter is more of a personal struggle brought about by aging. Machinal is also similar with Prufrock’s written image of pessimism and depression for things that they are incapable of having, but both end in different resolutions. Machinal’s main character, Helen, is unhappily married to a vicious man and yet happily having an extra-marital affair with a younger man. But, Helen being incapable of loving the younger man in the most proper ways as dictated by society’s conventions, murders her husband and releases herself from the wretched married life. In the case of Prufrock, he remains attached to his fears of opening up to his love and to the society. Machinal is as powerful and intense as Prufrock in its presentation of despair over love. Machinal is desperately consumed with two kinds of love as previously stated. What makes Helen a tragic hero like Prufrock is their disparate heroism takes them not into the world of admiration, but into a world of utmost dismay and desperation – theirs is a tragic presentation of surrender to an inescapable human obstacle of frustrating emotions. Treadwell is capable of repetitive rhythm like a strange poem – a quite tricky concept like Eliot – yet incorporated the theatrical lingo of any expressionistic writing during the twentieth century. To say expressionistic is to only define the attributes of human emotions, not necessarily placing it into an approach of realism. But, moreover, Machinal is an engaging, dark display of human wickedness doomed like Prufrock’s love song. Works Cited Treadwell, Sophie. Machinal (Royal National Theatre). London: Nick Hern Books, 1995. â€Å"T. S. Eliot: The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock.†

The Myers Briggs Type Indicator ( Mbti ) Are Both...

The Birkman Method and The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) are both personality assessments. The Birkman Method is based on the theories of Dr. Roger W. Birkman and the work of Dr. Roy B. Mefferd, Jr. and Dr. Timothy G. Sadler. The MBTI is based on the theories of Dr. Carl Gustav Jung and the work of Katharine Cook Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers. Both are non-clinical assessments. The working manuals for both assessments have recognized and documented, content, construct, criterion-related validities and face. The Birkman Method consists of a 298-question personality assessment that enables team building, leadership development, career counseling and interpersonal conflict resolution. Where as the MBTI assessment is, a psychometric questionnaire designed to measure psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions. It is used for career coaching, communication training, management development, personal development and team building. (A Comparison Betwee n The Birkman Method And The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), 2013) Purpose The purpose of a personality inventory is to anticipate specific socially applicable outputs such as behavior, learning and performance. The general effect of an instrument is supposed to be based on how well its methods of assessment, career development predict, facilitates, successful placement, selection and training. One indicator of a fundamental difference in the Birkman instrument is the name extension ofShow MoreRelatedRecruitment Selection: Myers Briggs1568 Words   |  7 PagesThe Myers-Briggs Type Indicator ® (MBTI) is a psychometric test used to measure psychological preferences in how a person makes decisions and perceives their surrounding environment. A mother-daughter pair, Katherine Briggs and Isabel Myers developed the test based on the typological theories of Carl Gustav Jung. After more than fifty-years of research and development, the MBTI has become the most widely used and respected personality tool. Eighty-nine companies out of the US Fortune 100 make us eRead MoreMyers Briggs Type Indicator : Instrument Evaluation Essay1228 Words   |  5 PagesMyers-Briggs Type Indicator: Instrument Evaluation The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is well-known and widely used in the psychology and counseling professions. In fact, â€Å"Millions of people worldwide have taken the Indicator each year since its first publication† (Myers Briggs Foundation, 2016). This instrument is trusted to identify personality types and measure preferences of an individual based on answers to a questionnaire. The MBTI has many applications and is a respected personality assessmentRead MoreMyers-Briggs Type Indicator2062 Words   |  9 Pagescountless personality assessments available, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is most often chosen over the others. 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GENERAL INFORMATION For my research, I have selected to review the Myers-Briggs type indicator personality test. The authors of the test are Katharine Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers. Katherine and Isabel are a mother and daughter team that worked on the test together. They were influenced by the Swiss psychologist, Carl Jung. In 1921, he published his ideas regarding different personality. Since Catherine and Isabel had many of the same ideas and agreed with his published work, they conductedRead MoreThe Myers Briggs Type Indicator1413 Words   |  6 Pages The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) â€Å"is an introspective self-report questionnaire designed to indicate psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions† (13). It is one of several personality assessments that is popular among modern mental health experts throughout the world. 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Joy Luck Club - 2097 Words

Joy Luck Club Plot The eight main characters of the movie all had to contend with different types of conflicts, some such as Waverlys Mother had to endure a type of social conflict from the 1st wife and other concubines, the unjust discrimination of the husbands family, while other characters such as Mei-mei had to endure a life of living under the shadow of Waverly. But each of the characters despite having different types of conflicts be it elemental, physical or psychological, all had to endure one glaringly similar psychological conflict - Each woman had to contend with their own weaker selves, before being able to confront their respective problems, be it an abusive husband or an overbearing mother, each protagonist had to†¦show more content†¦Full of life since she wanted survive and make her daughters happy. Realistic, is there a mother who would not love her child. Motivated to find and make her twin daughters happy. We can sympathize with her trials during the war. Waverlys mother Consistent in being headstrong, since it she outwitted her in-laws from her arranged marriage. Has vitality since she was dynamic in her action, and thought processes realistic since there are a lot of headstrong women out there. Motivated enough to survive without the benefit of an arranged marriage. And people can identify with her headstrong character and admire her for that. Lenas mother She was consistent in being the only child who loved her mother wholeheartedly. Dynamic enough to Become aware of her lot in life and make the necessary adjustments. Realistic enough that we can see that she fought back against the concubines at the time of her mothers death. Motivated to keep the honor of her mother and to find happiness for herself. We ca associate with her in her trials, more especially step-children who must find their place in a new home. Roses mother Consistent in seeking her own happiness which no good comes about, she found it in sex and it destroyed her. 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Due to the absence of her mother during her childhood years, she tries to be there for Rose as much as possible but is pushed away. An-mei believes she has nengkin, the

The History of Domestic Violence - 1784 Words

Introduction Domestic violence started back in the days of Roman Empire however, it was not recognised in Australia as a crime until the early 70’s, Davidson, (1977 cited in Edleson, 1999 ). Furthermore, children who witness this crime are only now beginning to be recognised as victims. These victims and the long term effects of witnessing physical abuse in their home on a regular basis is only new territory that statistics are being done, in comparison with adult victims. Domestic abuse is someone having power and control over another person. You do not have to be physically hit to be a victim of domestic abuse. Cases can include economic abuse, stopping someone from having access to money or giving them a limited amount to spend. It can be intimidation, by someone using a certain looks, actions or gestures to warn someone to shut up or do as they are told. Emotional abuse is putting someone down, humiliating them or calling them names. Being told not to see or spend time with family or friends is called isolation abuse, and finally using the children to pass on messages or making people feel guilty about what kind of parent they are. These are all kinds of abuse and once it takes place the final straw is minimizing and blaming, this is where the perpetrator makes light of the situation or denies it occurring at all. If they do admit to it, they are likely to tell the victim they caused it to happen. In this study we look at the possible long term effects on these oftenShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violence Throughout History780 Words   |  4 PagesDomestic Violence Throughout History Summary: Domestic violence has been apart of society forever, and it rooted in traditional male dominance and the view of women as property. 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Domestic violence can be described as choking, burning, beatingRead MoreDomestic Violence : A Global Phenomenon1653 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Domestic violence is considered a global phenomenon; research suggests that up to fifty percent of women worldwide have been physically abused by their intimate partner. Domestic violence can be defined as an incident or threatening behavior regarding violence or abuse between adults who are or have been considered intimate partners (Bradbury-Jones, C., Duncan, F., Kroll, T., Moy, M., Taylor, J. 2011, p 35). Domestic Violence is a serious and prevalent health issue that affects victimsRead MoreVulnerable Populations1382 Words   |  6 PagesPopulations: Domestic Violence Victims University of Phoenix Domestic violence is something that haunts our society, and has done so for a long time. Critical thinking must be used when dealing with such large scale issues, and domestic violence is no different. 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The purpose of this paper is to inform readers that there are many issues that lead up to a woman killing their abuser/husbands, such as the harsh history of violent used against women by their husband, involvement of church, fear for children in the home, and having limited resources to safely leave. This paper will also inform readers of the effects of past and current domestic violence

Company Law Free Essays

Abstract Companies and corporations exist as single entities with the capacity to sue and be sued. The premise of lawful ways under which a company may be sued for acts or omissions ensuing to injuries or demise of individuals lies in the personality of the company as a single entity. The law recognizes companies as solitary entities that have a detached personality from the individuals that comprise the company. We will write a custom essay sample on Company Law or any similar topic only for you Order Now This means that a company can transact as a solitary entity with the capacity to make claims against another company. Concomitantly, it is possible that the company becomes the subject of a legal suit falling under civil or criminal liability as deemed applicable. The determinants that establish whether to affix legal responsibility to the company for acts or omissions vary based on the legal jurisdiction pertinent to the circumstances. For instance, corporate law makes provisions for regulating the relationship of a company with that of its employees and other staff within the company. This law does not apply to third parties that operate or affect the company externally. On the other hand, criminal and civil laws have jurisdiction over the affiliations of the company with external parties. 1.0. Introduction The process of holding a company legally responsible for acts or omissions resulting in injuries or death of individuals is a multifaceted tool. Since companies exist as solitary entities under law, responsibility falls on the company depending on the situation applicable. For situations that fall within the company, corporate laws have provisions for holding the company liable. In cases where external parties exist, then the jurisdiction shifts to civil and criminal laws. However, it is imperative to acknowledge that civil laws that cover aspects of tort, contracts and compensation apply to companies, as well as individuals’.[1] The provenance encompassing legal responsibility for corporations is rather challenging, as the legal provisions under this jurisdiction of law do not obligate contemplation of a liability. This is usually the case in negligence, which falls under tort laws because the evaluation of liability is objective on supporting legal responsibility of a compan y. On the contrary, criminal law entirely depends on appraisal of moral liability in support legal responsibility on the side of the company. Holding a company criminally liable is not easy because legal responsibility is not via reimbursement, but through penalties that look into intent, negligence and premeditation. This research shall discuss grounds on which a company can be sued for acts or omissions resulting in death or injuries based on provisions of laws such as the Corporate Manslaughter Act 2007, and Health and Safety at Work Act of 1974. Three principles provide for reasons to hold a company liable. One is the agency principle where the company must own up responsibility for acts or omissions of its employees or staff working as agents to the company, hence be sued for damages. The blame acknowledgment principle establishes that the company’s top executives assume responsibility for acts or omissions perpetrated by the company, implying that such executives whose decisions lead to acts or omissions that result in death or injuries can make the company be held liable. However, acts or omissions by junior staff in the company do not fall under this jurisdiction.[2] The third principle is the company culpability based on its way of transacting business, its systems, as well as culture. While the agency and the blame acknowledgement principles attach individuals to company liability, the company culpability based on its procedure and culture isolates individuals from the company. This implies that companies cannot be held liable for acts or omissions perpetrated by individuals, but rather the culture and procedure of the company. All these principles provide grounds for criminal and civil charge against companies. 2.0. Civil Liability Tort law attaches a civil liability to companies as long as it can be proven that the company perpetrated the act or omissions that resulted in serious injuries or death. A claimant could also file a criminal suit against the company based on the provisions of deliberate acts, negligence or omissions. Under civil laws, parties involved exist as private individuals, and the courts have the ultimate prerogative to determine whether the parties’ perpetrated injury or death based on evidence provided. The rights and obligation existing between the parties, in this case between the company and the plaintiff form the basis for a legal suit. Similarly, remedies for civil suits are damages that could be financial on non-financial, and the burden of proof depends on tangible evidence indicating that the act or omission was committed. Tort law attributes the legal responsibility of a company to acts or omissions that fall under civil wrong. Acts or omissions committed by the employee di rectly fall under the responsibility of the employer as discussed under the agency principle.[3] This means that vicarious liability shifts to the employer while personal liability rests on the shoulders of the employee. Under civil law, the claimant must provide proof that the defendant (the company) perpetrated the act or omission deliberately or negligently. The claimant must also provide proof that they suffered injuries or damage. For the claimant to attach a liability to the company the injury must be adjoining to the act or omission and the series of events must be continuous. In Rylands vs. Fletcher (1868), the contractor ignored vertical shafts in the course of construction of a dam.[4] As they later filled the dam with water, the shafts gave way to water that flooded a nearby mine. The court ruled that the corporation was legally responsible for damages caused due to negligence even if it was not intentional. As such, filing a civil suit against a company works best for claims on damages because they attribute direct liability to the company. 3.0. Criminal Liability Health and Safety at Work Act, the Corporate Manslaughter and the Corporate Homicide Act of 2007 provide avenues of filing a criminal suit against a company. These Acts have the same scope of jurisdiction for attributing a company to criminal liability and can be used simultaneously used. Section 37(1) of Health and Safety at Work Act has provisions that cover personal injuries at the work place.[5] The Act lays down measures requiring companies to incorporate policies and measures to avert personal damages or injuries at the work place. This Act does not make provisions for holding companies liable for deaths or personal injuries, but rather criminalizing acts or omissions that result in injuries and deaths. Section 37(2) of the Act prohibits companies from engaging in negligent and deliberate activities that may lead to personal injuries and deaths of its employees. This section attaches liability to the company’s management in cases where their decisions are connected to ac ts or omissions that result in death. However, the Corporate Manslaughter Act has stringent legislation on cases where a company’s activities lead to death due to gross negligence. As such, the Corporate Manslaughter Act provides exclusive provisions for attaching a criminal liability to companies for their acts or omission that result in death due to outright negligence. If the evidence presented before the court proves that negligence on the part of the company resulted in death, then the company can be held criminally liable for the act or omission that led to death. Section 1(1) of this Act reveals that the company is liable when the act or omission amounting to a criminal offence resulted in death.[6] However, there must be evidence of gross misconduct and violation of duty of care on the part of the company. In case of a successful claim in court by parties representing the deceased, which leads to the indictment of the company, Section 1(6) of the Act establishes a limitless fine as the punishment toward th e company. The duty of care for employees is the sole responsibility of the company. In situations where there is negligence of duty of care resulting in death, the plaintiff representing the deceased party can invoke sections of the Corporate Manslaughter Act to claim justice. Various cases have elucidated what duty of care means. Caparo Industries Plc vs. Dickman (1990) identified three elements that clarify what duty of care far as attaching a criminal liability to a company is concerned.[7] The elements include imposing reasonable duty of care on the plaintiff, foreseeing injury and establishing a close link between the plaintiff and the defendant. Determination of criminal intent (mens rea) also forms as a basis for holding a company criminally liable. The claimant must establish criminal intent as it was the case in Salomon vs. Salomon (1897) where the court had to identify the company’s officers responsible for the acts or omissions that resulted in death.[8] However, it was quite a challenge, which explains the reason why it is difficult to file a criminal suit against a company under the Corporate Manslaughter Act. 4.0.Conclusion Civil and criminal laws present suitable avenues for suing companies for acts or omissions that lead to injuries or death. Strict or vicarious liabilities apply in civil suits and could be direct in through the actions of the company’s agents or direct through the actions of the company regardless of culpability. Under criminal liability, Health and Safety at Work Act provides avenues for suing a company for negligence or failure to prevent personal injuries. The Corporate Manslaughter Act and the Corporate Homicide Act provide avenues for suing a company in situations where acts or omissions result in demise of an individual. 5.0. Bibliography Glazebook, P. R., A Better Way of Convicting Business of Avoidable Deaths and Injuries. The Cambridge Law Journal, 16(2), (2002) pp 405-422. Barrett, B., Liability for safety offences: Is the law still fatally flawedIndustrial Law Journal,37(1), (2007) pp 100-118. 5.1. Legislations Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 5.2. Court cases Salomon v. Salomon Co Ltd, AC., Law Review, 2, (1897), pp 22 Rylands v. Fletcher, Law ReviewL. 3, (1868), pp 330 Caparo Industries plc v. Dickman, Law Review AC, 2, (1990), pp 605 How to cite Company Law, Essay examples

Model Innovation Corporate Sustainability -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Model Innovation Corporate Sustainability? Answer: Introduction Strategic management is the process regulated and formatted by the top level management in accordance with the policies and the rules of the top level management. These are developed in order to acquire the market share as well as to attain the goals and the objectives in the target market. The strategies developed and adopted by the management are the tools through which the efficiency could easily be enhanced in order to attain the desired goals and the objectives for the organization. Apart from these, there are certain actions which are implemented by the top level management on behalf of the directors and the organizational owners in order to attain the better and effective outcomes. For implementation of the tools and the techniques, organization is required to analyse the internal and external environment. This will help the management to adopt certain crucial set of strategies through which organization could be able to extract the effective results from the implementation of the advanced strategies and tools. While implementing the strategies within the organizational environment, it is required to analyse the basic principles of strategic management through which the desired goals could be attained easily. These principles are: Development of unique image in the target market; Setting the hierarchy of the activities in an appropriate manner with the motive to enhance the organizational efficiency as well as to attain the growth objective; All the activities must be done in relation with the strategies set up by the organization and along with this, it is necessary for the organization to direct the efforts of the employees in the strategic mission of the organization (Peppard Ward, 2016). Strategic management approaches Various approaches and tools are available in the business environment in order to obtain the desired outcomes. These approaches assist the management to perform the strategic management process in an effective manner in the organization. All these approaches have unique capabilities and efficiencies and in order to obtain the accurate results, it is required to identify the size, type and nature of the business organization through which the activities could be performed in the appropriate manner (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). Following are certain approaches through which the organizational workings could easily be managed: Stakeholder Approach It is the approach which helps the management to focus over the stakeholders of the organization to identify their requirement with the motive of accomplishment of the goals in an effective manner. Stakeholders are the essential element of the organization and these are the people or group of people interlinked with the organizational activities with certain objectives. Some of the stakeholders for an organization are customers, directors, employees, suppliers, etc. In this approach, management evaluates the requirements of the customers and selects the most appropriate strategies in order to fulfil them. This is the process which identifies the requirements of the customers and organization produces the same sort of products and services in relevance with the standards and the policies of the organization (Asif, et. al., 2011). This approach also helps the organization to develop or adopt certain set of strategies through which effective relationship amongst the stakeholders and the organization. With the help of positive relationship amongst the stakeholders, organization will be able to gain the effective and desired outcomes along with the attainment of satisfaction level from the employees. Employees should be given appropriate training and learning sessions in order to describe them the importance of the stakeholder approach along with the motive behind the adaptation of the approach. This will help the organization to increase the effectiveness of the organization along with increasing the efficiency of the organization. Along with the increase in the efficiency of the organization and the employees, it will also help the organization to generate various ways to increase the income through which the opportunities of growth and expansion could be increased accordingly (Peteraf, Gamble Thompson, 2014). Following are certain ways through which the stakeholder approach could easily be implemented: Identification of stakeholder: Initial step of implementing the stakeholder approach is the identification of the crucial stakeholders for the organization. This will help the organization to increase its efficiency through developing the relationship amongst those stakeholders. Functionalities of the organization will be performed in an effective manner along with the attainment of the desired outcomes (Beske, Land Seuring, 2014). Accurate description of stakes: This step will help the organization to identify the share of the stakeholders and with this; importance of the stakeholders will be identified. It will provide the clear description to the management in relevance with the importance of the stakeholders through which the allocation of the tasks could be done in an effective manner (Pisano, 2017). Claim consideration: This step will help the organization to identify some crucial attributes within the workplace which could affect the performance of the organization in positive as well as in negative manner. Urgency, power and legitimacy are some of the attributes which could affect the organizational performance. Legitimacy refers that the functionalities of the organization should be performed on the basis of the laws, regulations and the policies because non-fulfilment of these attributes could extract negative situations for the organization. Power defines the authority of each stakeholder which should be considered on the priority basis in order to increase the opportunities for the organization in relevance with the attainment of the desired goals and the objectives. Further, urgency includes the critical issues faced by the stakeholders due to any reason should be entertained on above of all functions. This will help the organization to develop a positive image in the sta keholders mind-sets which will lead the organization to attain its goals and the objectives in an appropriate manner (Bettis, et. al., 2016). Opportunities estimation: This step will help the organization to recognise the threats and the risks involved in the procedure of the organization which could affect the stakeholders. Responsibilities towards stakeholders: Organization needs to share the all relevant information to its stakeholders and taking approval is on crucial decisions are also necessary. This helps the organization to develop a positive and important position in the stakeholders (Schaltegger, Ldeke-Freund Hansen, 2012). Implementation of the strategies: While implementing the strategies, all of the above aspects should be considered accordingly and this also helps them to increase the efficiency in relevance with gaining the desired outcomes. Implementation of the strategies should also be relevant with the interest of the stakeholders and the corporate social responsibilities (David David, 2015). Along with the fulfilment of all the above objectives, it is required to identify the basic requirements of the internal stakeholders of the organization. Further, adaptation of the advanced strategies such as integrated communication plan is necessary in order to communicate with the stakeholders in an appropriate manner (Slack, 2015). Example of this approach Coca-Cola Company uses the stakeholder approach in order to increase their efficiency along with increasing their revenues and the profitability. This approach has helped the organization to build its effective image in the competitive business environment along with gaining the competitive advantage. Along with these benefits, stakeholder approach has also helped the organization to provide unique benefits to its stakeholders. Further, management of the organization has also adopted the golden triangle partnership approach in relevance with increasing the efficiency of the organization through fulfilling the corporate social responsibilities in order to attain the desired goals and the objectives. This approach includes covering the elements such as social, public, civil and private along with their needs and requirements (Ginter, Duncan Swayne, 2018). Apart from this activity, this approach also includes the practice of partnership in relevance with the improving the conditions of remote and under developed sectors. Stakeholder approach also helps the Coca-Cola to build an effective image in the local stakeholders and amongst the community through executing the projects such as SWPP (Source Water Protection Plans). For building up the interest of the stakeholders towards the company, management has adopted the customer feedback strategy under which customers are asked about the quality of the product, price of the product and regarding the other attributes. This helps the organization to adopt certain strategies to increase the effectiveness of their products and services along with gaining the adequate competitive advantage in the target market (Walker, Damanpour Devece, 2010) Dynamic capabilities This approach describe that the organization should perform its functions with the available resources in an effective manner. Along with this, organizational internal capabilities are also identified in relevance with the dynamic business environment. With the help of available resources and the capabilities, organization needs to face all types of situations in relevance with the attainment of the desired objectives. This approach includes mainly three attributes which could help the organization to become capable enough to deal with challenging working environmental conditions (Helfat, 2013). First attribute is increasing the employees capabilities through providing them appropriate training sessions. Second attribute is integration of the advanced assets to the workplace in order to uplift the performance and for facing all types of situations. The last attribute is re-utilisation of the available resources and the assets which are already used for accomplishment of tasks. Follow ing are the stages involved in this approach: Learning: This is the initial stage of the dynamic capabilities approach and it evaluates various sources and methods through which employees capabilities could be increased for meeting up with the dynamic business environmental conditions. Advanced measures may include the training and development sessions, interactive sessions and the counselling sessions (Wheelen Hunger, 2017). New assets: In order to increase the organizational efficiency, management is required to execute the market analysis and the competitive analysis regularly in order to identify the current market trends and requirements. This helps the organization to adopt and implement certain assets to the organization in relevance with upliftment of the organizational performance as compared to its competitors (Helfat Peteraf, 2015). Available resources: Business environment is known for its fluctuations, dynamic environment and for unique types of challenges. In order to compete with all these factors, management of the organization requires updating its resources along with identifying the appropriate utilisation of the available resources. Co-specialisation: This is the step under which organization performs its functionalities within a given period of time along with optimum utilisation of the available resources with the organization (Helfat Winter, 2011). Example of this approach IBM, Apple INC. and various other software developing companies use this approach in order to attain its goals and the objectives. With the help of this approach, these companies have developed its adequate image in the target market along with gaining adequate level of competitive advantage. Apple INC. is known as the leader in the mobile phone manufacturing company across the globe and the major reason behind the success of the organization is optimum utilisation of the available resources along with the adaptation of unique and advanced strategies for increasing its employees performance (Hill, Jones Schilling, 2014). Sustainable approach Sustainable development refers to the attainment of the goals and the objectives along with fulfilment of economic conditions, social responsibilities and environmental conditions. This procedure of attainment of the desired goals describes the utilisation of available resources within the specified period of time along with fulfilling the requirement of all relevant factors. Gaining the sustainable development is an indicator for the long run survival in the competitive business environment without affecting the natural and other resources in negative manner. The basic elements of the sustainable approach are economy, environment and the social responsibility. All three factors plays crucial role in order to increase the performance of the organization along with the development of an effective image in the dynamic business environment. Over-utilisation of the available resources will provide short term benefits to the business organization while optimum utilisation will help them t o attain the long run objectives (Li Liu, 2014). Governments of various countries has taken the initiative for preventing the natural resources and for the same, they had built certain policies and the laws. These needs to follow by the organizations and all the requirement of these policies should be considered appropriately in order to avoid the chances of glitches in the performance of the organization (Noland Phillips, 2010). Example to this approach Adobe Systems is a multinational software developing company and it uses this approach in order to attain its desired goals. They had identified and invested certain unique ways to lower down the emission of the carbon from the organizational functionalities. Along with this, it has also helped the organization to re-utilise the available resources within the certain period of time for attaining the goals and the objectives Limitation to these approaches Above mentioned approaches determines the stakeholders interests in both monetary as well as in kind forms. But the dispute arises when the demands of the stakeholders does not meets. The major concern is the meeting the stakeholders needs in the monetary terms along with the distribution of profits amongst them. While taking the crucial decision for the organization, it is required to share the information to the stakeholders in order to obtain the positive results. Sustainable approach is the best and most effective approach for the organization to attain the goals but sometimes it also difficult when organization does not able to match up with the environmental and other relevant factors conditions (ORiordan Fairbrass, 2014). Conclusion From the aforesaid information, it can be concluded that strategic management techniques are effective and efficient for the organizations to attain the organizational goals and the objectives. In this report, strategic management approaches are discussed along with the examples of companies which utilises those approaches to set up their position in the target market. Strategies adopted for improving the performance of the organization must be implemented in order to attain the goals and the objectives of the organization. Along with this, primary focus of this report is over the linear model of the approach in relation to obtain the positive outcomes as per the expectations of the management. Apart from this, strategic management process also contains limitations through which gap could be developed between the expected and actually obtained outcomes. Management is required to analyse these limitation in relevance with the functionalities of the organization. The last part of the report includes the limitation of certain approaches. Apart from this, limitations of these approaches are also discussed in this report. This will help them to ascertain the gap amongst the functionalities as well as amongst the strategies adopted and the environmental conditions of the organization. With the help of evaluation, it will be quite easy for the management to implement the strategies in relevance with the organizational expectations as well as with the motive to attain the goals and the objectives will be fulfilled. References Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014. Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Asif, M., Searcy, C., Garvare, R. and Ahmad, N., 2011. Including sustainability in business excellence models. Total Quality Management Business Excellence, 22(7), pp.773-786. Beske, P., Land, A. and Seuring, S., 2014. 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